Essay On The Relevance Of The Us Constitution - 832 Words

1. Video: â€Å"The Relevance of the U.S. Constitution† o https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/videos/teaching-content/relevance-us-constitution/ o Former President Obama discusses the relevance of the U.S. Constitution with the Scholastic News Kids Press Corps. The students ask the President a variety of questions and he discusses the importance of the constitution and how the government has to withhold certain rules, freedoms, and rights of the people in today’s society. o I love this video because the reporters are young students and former President Obama delivers information in a professional and relatable manner. This video helps students make meaningful connections to what they learned in the text to their own lives. After students watch†¦show more content†¦He describes what is expected of society and how the newly written Constitution promote the lasting welfare of the country. o This letter provides students to analyze a piece of nonfiction as a primar y resource for someone who lived and was part of the Constitution process. Students are exposed to the written style, tone, and vocabulary from another time period. The rich vocabulary gives students an opportunity to decode and describe the letter in their own words. o Letter source: http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/primarysourcesets/constitution/pdf/washington_letter.pdf Literature Responses 1. We the People: The Story of Our Constitution Written by Lynne Cheney, Illustrated by Greg Harlin o To encourage a reading response to this text, I will implement grand discussion and debate. We will first read the text together as a whole, in pairs, and independently. We will discuss each man who was a part of writing the Constitution came up with arguments to convey their stand on the subject. We will talk about the difference between persuasive and argumentative text. We will talk about when each should be used. We will talk about our need for a â€Å"Classroom Constitution.† Students will be assigned to groups to discuss their ideas about how our classroom will run. Each group will choose a leader to represent them to the class to show their ideas to the class before we vote on a Classroom Constitution.Show MoreRelatedThe Differences Betweek the UK and US Constitutions Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesThe Differences Betweek the UK and US Constitutions The constitution of a state, at its most basic, can be described as the fundamental principles from which it is governed, usually defining how power is split up within it and thereby constructing a framework within which it operates (www.oed.com). 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Deterrence And Its Effect On Society - 845 Words

Deterrence Joni Montoya South University Online Justice. Deterrence starts in childhood. A parent punishes a child for doing something forbidden and the child learns that doing this thing will have bad consequences. When one person or persons attempt to sway the decision of another with the menace of punishment more threatening than the gains, this is deterrence (Coleman, 2002). Deterrence is defined as the punishment of socially undesirable behavior as a means of future prevention (Coleman, 2002). The driving force behind deterrence is the fear of punishment. Deterrence is part of the Classical theory (South University Online, 2014). Classical theory states that criminals have free will and make a deliberate decision to commit a crime. Classical theory has been around since ancient times. Society has always had rules and punishments. The concept behind classical theory is that persons will avoid criminal behavior because of the negative consequences (What, 2014). The role that the family plays is that the family teaches the children how to behave in society and what will happen if they deviate from correct and proper behavior. Deterrence causes an individual to decide whether the gains from the inappropriate behavior outweigh the losses. For example, a bank robber needs to decide whether the gain, thousands of dollars, outweighs the loss, years in prison. Deterrence wins if the robber decides not to rob the bank because for fear ofShow MoreRelatedGeneral Deterrence And Its Effect On Society1503 Words   |  7 PagesIt is estimated that general deterrence aims at making the offender to think twice before violating the law, because the physical and psychological pain that the offender will get through the action do not equate with the benefits of doing that action. 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The deterrence theory is when criminals think about the consequences of each crime, they weigh the pros and consRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System And Crime Prevention970 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION: Deterrence or rational choice, which one is the better, or should I say wiser theory to follow when it comes to the criminal justice system and crime prevention. Using extreme capacitation (Deterrence) can be an effective punishment for many in our society, however, there will still be a small portion of our society that will still commit crimes. The majority of the society would use good-ole common sense (Rational Choice) and not commit crimes in the first place. DISCUSSION: Deterrence andRead MoreOutline of the Basic Principles of Sentencing Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesOutline of the Basic Principles of Sentencing Legal system is one of the most important parts of the Government, which directly affects the society and people in the society; as a result, researchers and criticisers have always inspected it. This essay will outline the basic principles of sentencing in United Kingdom. There are five general aims or functions or justifications of punishment in the UK’s legal system, which are: 1. RETRIBUTION Retribution rests

How Smithkline Beecham Makes Better Resource Essay Sample free essay sample

In 1993. SmithKline Beecham was passing more than half a billion dollars per twelvemonth on R A ; D. the lifeblood of any pharmaceuticals company. Ever since the 1989 amalgamation that created the company. nevertheless. SB believed that it had been passing excessively much clip reasoning about how to value its R A ; D projects—and non adequate clip calculating out how to do them more valuable. With more undertakings successfully making late-stage development. where the resource demands are greatest. the demands for support were turning. SB’s executives felt an ague demand to apologize their portfolio of development undertakings. The patent on its blockbuster drug Tagamet was about to run out. and the company was fixing for the at hand squeezing: it had to run into current net incomes marks and at the same clip back up the R A ; D that would make the company’s hereafter gross watercourses. The consequence was a â€Å"constrained-budget mentality† and a w idely shared belief that SB’s job was one of prioritising development undertakings. Major resource-allocation determinations are neer easy. For a company like SB. the job is this: How do you do good determinations in a bad. technically complex concern when the information you need to do those determinations comes mostly from the undertaking title-holders who are viing against one another for resources? A critical company procedure can go politicized when strong-minded. magnetic undertaking leaders beat out their less competitory co-workers for resources. That in bend leads to the misanthropic position that your undertaking is every bit good as the public presentation you can set on at support clip. What was the solution? Some within the company thought that SB needed a directing. top-down attack. But our experience told us that no individual executive could perchance cognize plenty about the tonss of extremely complex undertakings being developed on three continents to name the shootings efficaciously. In the yesteryear. SB had tried a assortment of attacks. One inv olved long. intensive Sessionss of interrogating undertaking title-holders and. in the terminal. puting precedences by a show of custodies. Later that procedure evolved into a more sophisticated marking system based on a project’s multiple properties. such as commercial potency. proficient hazard. and investing demands. Although the attack looked good on the surface. many people involved in it felt in the terminal that the company was following a sort of pseudoscience that lent an air of edification to basically flawed information appraisals and logic. The company had besides been disappointed by a figure of more quantitative attacks. It used a assortment of rating techniques. including projections of peak-year gross revenues and five-year net nowadays values. But even when all the undertaking squads agreed to utilize the same approach—allowing SB to get at a numerical prioritization of projects—those of us involved in the procedure were still uncomfortable. There was no transparence to the rating procedure. no manner of cognizing whether the quality of believing behind the ratings was at all consistent. â€Å"Figures don’t prevarication. † said one misanthropic participant. â€Å"but prevaricators can calculate. † At the terminal of the twenty-four hours. we could n’t get away the perceptual experience that determinations were driven by the protagonism accomplishments of undertaking champions—or made behind closed doors in a manner that left many stakeholders in the procedure unpersuaded that the right route had been taken. As we set out in 1993 to plan a better decision-making procedure. we knew we needed a good proficient solution—that is. a rating methodological analysis that reflected the complexness and hazard of our investings. At the same clip. we needed a solution that would be believable to the organisation. If we solved the proficient job entirely. we might happen the right way. but we would neglect to acquire anyone to follow. That is typically what happens as a consequence of good backroom analysis. nevertheless good intentioned and good executed it is. But work outing the organisational job entirely is merely as bad. Open treatment may take to understanding. enabling a company to travel frontward. But without a technically sound compass. will it be traveling in the right way? The easy portion of our undertaking was holding on the ultimate end. In our instance. it was to increase stockholder value. The difficult portion was inventing a procedure that would be believable to all of the interested parties. including top direction. tonss of undertaking squads. the caputs of SB’s four major therapy countries. and executives from cardinal maps such as strategic selling. finance. and concern developme nt—all spread across Europe. the United States. and Japan. In peculiar. the traditional advocators in the process—the undertaking squads and their therapy country heads—would have to believe that any new procedure accurately characterized their undertakings. including their proficient and commercial hazards. Those who were more distant—leaders of other undertaking squads and therapy countries. regional and functional executives. and top management—would necessitate transparence and consistence. How else could they do any meaningful part to the teams’ thought. or compare undertakings to one another. or understand how undertakings might impact one another? Most organisations think of determination devising as an event. non a procedure. They attach great importance to identify determination meetings. But in most instances. and SB is no exclusion. the existent jobs occur before those meetings of all time take topographic point. And so the procedure that SB designed—a three-phase duologue between the undertaking squads and the company’s determination makers—focused on the inputs to the resource-allocation determination and the function of the organisation in fixing those inputs. Phase I: Generating Options One of the major failings of most resource-allocation procedures is that undertaking advocates tend to take an all-or-none attack to budget petitions. At SB. that meant that undertaking leaders would develop a individual program of action and present it as the lone feasible attack. Project teams seldom took the clip to see meaningful alternatives—especially if they suspected that making so might intend a cutback in support. And so we insisted that each squad develop at least four options: the current program ( the squad would follow the bing program of activity ) . a â€Å"buy-up† option ( the squad would be given more to pass on the undertaking ) . a â€Å"buy-down† option ( the squad would be given less to pass on the undertaking ) . and aminimal program ( the squad would abandon the undertaking while continuing every bit much of the value earned to day of the month as possible ) . Working with a facilitator. a squad would get down by depicting a projectâ€℠¢s aim. which normally was to develop a peculiar chemical entity targeted at one or more diseases. Then it would brainstorm about what it would make under each of the four support options. See a compound under development in SB’s malignant neoplastic disease country. The current program was to develop the drug in two preparations. endovenous and unwritten. for the intervention of two tumour types. A and B. by puting $ 10 million beyond what had already been invested. ( The Numberss in this illustration are non existent figures. ) When the squad working on the undertaking was asked to develop options to the current program. they balked. Their undertaking had ever been regarded as a star and had received a batch of attending from direction. They believed they already had the best program for the compound’s development. They agreed. nevertheless. to look at the other options during a brainstorming session. Several new thoughts emerged. Under the buy-down option. the company would drop one of the merchandise signifiers ( unwritten ) in one of the markets ( tumour type B ) . salvaging $ 2 million. Under the buy-up option. the company would increase its investing by $ 5 million in order to handle a 3rd tumour type ( C ) with the endovenous signi fier. When the value of those options was subsequently quantified. a new penetration emerged. Although the buy-up option increased costs well. it besides increased value by about 30 % . Suddenly it occurred to one squad member that by choosing merely the most valuable combinations of merchandises and markets. they might both increase value significantly and cut down costs in comparing with the current program. That penetration led the squad to a new and even more valuable alternate than any they had antecedently considered: mark all three markets while cutting back to merely one merchandise signifier in each market. ( See the exhibit â€Å"Developing Project Alternatives. † ) This solution was so powerful that it rapidly won undertaking squad support and direction indorsement as an betterment over the current program. Although such consequences are non an inevitable consequence of take a firm standing on options. they are improbable to happen without it. Sing options for undertakings had other benefits. First. thoughts that came out of brainstorming Sessionss on one undertaking could sometimes be applied to others. Second. undertakings that would hold been eliminated under the old all-or-none attack had a opportunity to last if one of the new development programs showed an improved return on investing. Third. after walking through preliminary back-of-the-envelope fiscal projections. the squads had a better image of which of the elements of their development plans—time to market. for illustration. or the claims made on the drug’s label—had the greatest impact on the drug’s expected value. The squad could so concentrate its development work consequently. Near the terminal of this stage. the undertaking options were presented to a equal reappraisal board for counsel before any important rating of the options had been performed. Members of the reappraisal board. who were directors from cardinal maps and major merchandise groups within the pharmaceuticals organisation. tested the cardinal premises of each option by inquiring examining inquiries: In the buy-down option. which test should we extinguish? Should a once-a-day preparation be portion of our buy-up option? Couldn’t we do better by including Japan before in the current program? The treatment session improved the overall quality of the undertaking options and helped construct consensus about their feasibleness and completeness. The undertaking squads so revised their options where appropriate and submitted them once more for reappraisal. this clip to the group of senior directors who would. at a ulterior point in the procedure. do the concluding investing determinations on all the undertakings. The group included the president of the pharmaceuticals concern ; the presidents of the U. S. . European. and international drug divisions ; and other senior directors from major corporate maps. In SB’s procedure. options are created and presented to the senior direction group for treatment before any important rating of undertaking options is performed. In many organisations. investing options are presented together with an rating ; in others. the options are evaluated every bit shortly as they are put away. before they are to the full fleshed out. Instantaneous ratings frequently focus on what’s incorrect with an thought or the informations back uping it ; they offer deficient attending to what’s right about an thought or how can it be improved. Although it takes subject to maintain from debating which of the undertaking options are best. it is critical to avoid making so at this early phase in the procedure. Premature rating putting to deaths creativeness and the potency to better determination doing along with it. At SB. we wanted to be certain that we had developed a full scope of undertaking options before get downing to judge their value. To carry through that terminal. the function of the undertaking squads would be to develop the initial options. and the function of direction would be to better the quality of t he options by disputing their feasibleness. spread outing or widening them. or proposing extra possibilities. Phase II: Valuing Options Once we had engineered the procedure that took us through stage I. we needed a consistent methodological analysis to value each one of the undertaking options. We chose to utilize determination analysis because of its transparence and its ability to capture the proficient uncertainnesss and commercial hazards of drug development. For each option. we constructed a determination tree. utilizing the most knowing experts to assist construction the tree and measure the major uncertainnesss confronting each undertaking. ( See the insert â€Å"How SB Overhauled Its Investment Procedure. † ) How SB Overhauled Its Investing Procedure We developed six demands for accomplishing credibleness and buy-in to the rating of each option: * First. the same information set must be provided for every undertaking. We developed templets that are consistent in range but flexible plenty to stand for the differences among the undertakings and their options. * Second. the information must come from dependable beginnings. Experts from inside and outside the company must be selected before anyone knows what their specific inputs will be sing the major uncertainnesss the development squad faces. * Third. the beginnings of information must be clearly documented. The day of the month and topographic point of each interview with an expert must be recorded along with the cardinal premises that were made and any of import penetrations that came up in the conversation. Thus direction can delve every bit deep as it likes into the assessment’s â€Å"pedigree† to prove its quality. * Fourth. the appraisals must undergo equal rea ppraisal by experient directors across maps and curative countries. Those directors can so do comparings across all undertakings and gage. for illustration. if the undertaking squads are being consistent in measuring similar uncertainnesss. They can find. for case. if the squads are utilizing similar premises when measuring the chance of go throughing cardinal development mileposts. * Fifth. the ratings must be compared with those done by external industry perceivers and market analysts to set up that the Numberss are realistic. * Sixth. the impact of each variable on the project’s expected value must be identified. Making so gives direction and the undertaking teams a clear apprehension of the cardinal value drivers so that they can concentrate determination devising and execution in ways that add the most value. We agreed early on that the undertaking squads would utilize ranges instead than single-point prognosiss to depict future possibilities. Using scopes enhances credibleness by avoiding false preciseness. In old development rhythms. ni l derailed us faster than holding a strategic selling expert stand in forepart of a room full of scientists while seeking to support a statement like. â€Å"The world-wide market for Alzheimer’s disease interventions in 2010 will be $ 21. 2 billion. † The usage of ranges—with thorough accounts of the high and low ends—has become standard pattern at SB for calculating all uncertainnesss. from merchandise profile to market portion to monetary values achieved. We increased transparence and consistence in yet another manner by holding a specially designated group of analysts process the rating information and draw preliminary penetrations. Having this work done by a impersonal group was a alleviation to many undertaking squad members. who were seldom satisfied with the old attacks to rating. every bit good as to the top direction group. who were tired of seeking to do sense of widely disparate types of analysis. As the company’s CFO for pharmaceuticals put it. â€Å"Inconsistent ratings are worse than none. † Once the options had been valued. a 2nd peer-review meeting was held to do certain that all the participants had a opportunity to inquiry and understand the consequences. This measure was designed to g uarantee that no surprises would emerge when the determinations were being made. And once more. the equal reappraisal was followed by a senior direction reappraisal that provided an chance to dispute. modify. and agree on the implicit in premises driving the ratings. During the meeting. nevertheless. the senior directors were explicitly asked non to get down discoursing which options to put in ; alternatively. they were asked merely to corroborate that they understood and believed the ratings. And if they didn’t. why non? What seemed out of line? In this discussion. senior directors and undertaking squad members were able to larn from one another. For illustration. senior executives wanted to be certain that all the cross-project effects had been taken into history. Was marketing success in one undertaking dependant on set uping a franchise with an earlier merchandise? Would a new merchandise cannibalise an bing merchandise. and if so. would the consequence be a higher or a lower entire value? Was the proficient attack in two undertakings the same. so that success in one would intend success in the other? Did SB hold the staff in its proficient departments—or the ability to contract out—in order to speed up three undertakings at the same time? Such conversations improved the quality of the ratings and led to extra acquisition about proficient and commercial synergism. Once everyone had reviewed the rating of the undertaking options and agreed that the inputs and logic were valid. the phase was set for successful determination devising in the following stage. Suppose an understanding had been reached that a certain drug had merely a 10 % chance of obtaining blessing in unwritten signifier. Suppose it turned out after a roll-up of all the undertaking options that the 10 % chance killed the undertaking because its expected value was excessively low. Under SB’s new attack. no 1 could come back and randomly dispute the chance appraisal. Alternatively. person would necessitate an statement that would turn over the project’s pedigree—the footing of the 10 % appraisal in the first topographic point. Given the thorough nature of the procedure. the creative activity of such an statement would be highly hard unless important new information had come to visible radiation. For illustration. in one instance a senior director remarked that a undertaking squad had given an estimation of a product’s likely enrollment with the FDA that was excessively high. The response from the undertaking squad was. â€Å"What chance would be more appropriate. if this one is excessively high? † The facilitator probed the manager’s thought: â€Å"Do you think it’s excessively high relation to other undertakings? Or that it’s excessively high based on other considerations? † he asked. Following another exchange of positions with the expert who had offered the original chance appraisal. the judgement stood. In the terminal. the likeliness of FDA enrollment turned out to be a cardinal driver of value. The director who had challenged the estimation was satisfied that the company was utilizing the best information available and did non oppugn the ultimate support determination. That exchange illustrates an of import dimension of SB’s decision-making procedure. If challenges such as â€Å"too high† or â€Å"too low† are accepted without necessitating the sceptics to set away alternate estimations or cle ar principles. so snap judgements by senior directors can transport the same weight as carefully researched programs. When that happens. undertaking squad members become misanthropic. They come to anticipate that direction will tease them into supplying estimations that yield the replies they want. Phase III: Making a Portfolio and Allocating Resources The end of this stage was to make the highest-value portfolio based on all the undertaking options that had been developed. This was no easy undertaking: with 20 major projects—each of which had four well-conceived alternatives—the figure of possible constellations was tremendous. We appointed a impersonal analytic squad. instead than the undertaking advocates. to transport out a systematic attack to placing the highest-value portfolio based on return on investing. The portfolio could so be examined along a figure of strategic dimensions. including stableness under different scenarios. balance across curative countries and phases in the development grapevine. and feasibleness of success given SB’s proficient and commercial resources. Because the senior directors had already agreed—and smartly debated—the underlying undertaking descriptions ( stage I ) and ratings ( phase II ) for each option. they now focused their complete attending on the portfolio determinations. It turned out that the portfolio with the highest expected return on investing represented a important going from the position quo. Merely four undertakings would have their expected support. ten would acquire increased support. and six would be cut back. The senior direction group was able to discourse the new portfolio without blowing clip and energy oppugning the Numberss and premises. The first 14 undertaking determinations. which involved increasing or keep ing support degrees. were made without contention. However. when it came clip to discourse the first undertaking whose support would be cut. the director of the relevant curative country challenged the determination. The meeting’s president listened to his instance for keeping the current support and so asked whether that instance was reflected in the undertaking ratings. The director agreed that it was. but repeated the statement that SB would lose value by ending the undertaking. The president agreed that value would be lost but pointed out that the financess originally scheduled for the undertaking would make more value when applied elsewhere. That ended a potentially explosive treatment. The new procedure non merely reduced the contention in the resource-allocation procedure. it besides led the company to alter its investing scheme. Although top direction had set out to cut back on the company’s development budget. they now saw their investing determination in a new visible radiation: they believed the new portfolio to be 30 % more valuable than the old one—without any extra investing. Furthermore. the fringy return on extra investing had tripled from 5:1 to 15:1. To work this chance. the company finally decided to increase development disbursement by more than 50 % . The three-phase process—generating options. valuing them. and making a portfolio—has led to shared apprehension among determination shapers and development staff about the best investing options for the company. The procedure the company adopted is based on our experience that no individual value metric. facilitation technique. peer reappraisal meeting. or external proof attack on its ain can work out the complex resource-allocation job faced by many companies like SB. In the terminal. we learned that by undertaking the soft issues around resource allotment. such as information quality. credibleness. and trust. we had besides addressed the difficult 1s: How much should we put and where should we put it?

Optimism in the candide Essay Example For Students

Optimism in the candide Essay Candide, by Voltaire Voltaires Candide is a novel which contains conceptual ideas and at the same time is also exaggerated. Voltaire offers sad themes disguised by jokes and witticism, and the story itself presents a distinctive outlook on life. The crucial contrast in the story deals with irrational ideas as taught to Candide about being optimistic, versus reality as viewed by the rest of the world. The main theme which is presented throughout the novel is optimism. Out of every unfortunate situation in the story, Candide, the main character, has been advised by his philosopher-teacher that everything in the world happens for the better, because Private misfortunes contribute to the general good, so that the more private misfortunes there are, the more we find that all is well (Voltaire, p. 31). Pangloss, the philosopher, tries to defend his theories by determining the positive from the negative situations and by showing that misfortunes bring some privileges. As Candide grows up, whenever something unfortunate happens, Pangloss would turn the situation around, bringing out the good in it. Candide learns that optimism is The passion for maintaining that all is right when all goes wrong (Voltaire, p.86). According to Rene Pomeau, Voltaire-Candidehave made him Candide acquainted with the bad and the good side of human existence. The moral of Candide is born out of its style; it is the art of extracting happiness from the desolate hopping-about of the human insect (Adams; Pomeau p.137). Pomeau explains that Candide shows both sides of humanity; how both great and terrible events are standard in a human life. Also according to Pomeau, the whole point of the story is to debate between good and bad; for example, as Candide becomes more independent, he starts to doubt that only good comes out of life. Pangloss is a very hopeful character in the story because he refuses to accept bad. He is also somewhat naive and believes that he could make the world a better place by spreading his theories on optimism. When Candide had met up with Pangloss after a long period of time, Pangloss said that he was almost hanged, then dissected, then beaten. Candide asked the philosopher if he still thought that everything was for the better, and Pangloss replied that he still held his original views. No matter how little Pangloss believed in the fact that somehow everything would turn out well, he still maintained his original views. Voltaire exaggerates his point on optimism; there is nobody in reality who is positive about everything all the time, especially about something so horrible. One could conclude that Pangloss is an irrational and inane figure, and Voltaire tries to expose how incomprehensible his beliefs are which do not measure up to reality. According to Linguet, Candide offers us the saddest of themes disguised under the merriest of jokes (Adams; Wade p. 144). It seems as if Candide was written as a comedy; not because of humor, but because every time something bad occurs, a quick turn of events happens which bring everything back to normal. One moment Candide murders the brother of the woman he loves, the next moment he travels to a land where he sees women mating with monkeys. In instances like these, it doesnt seem like Voltaire is serious about tragic events. During the course of Candides journey, an earthquake strikes, murdering thirty thousand men, women, and children. In reality, this is a horrible predicament to be involved with. In Pangloss world, It is impossible for things not to be where they are, because everything is for the best (Voltaire, p. 35), meaning that the earthquake was necessary in the course of nature, and so there was definitely a rationale for the situation. .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958 , .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958 .postImageUrl , .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958 , .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958:hover , .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958:visited , .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958:active { border:0!important; } .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958:active , .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958 .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud1f8b5de164a4a7465a8078431435958:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Field Work EssayTo show contrast in the story, Voltaire introduces a character whose beliefs are completely opposite than the beliefs of Pangloss. This character is Martin, a friend and advisor of Candide who he meets on his journey. Martin is also a scholar, and a spokesman for pessimism. Martin continuously tries to prove to Candide that there is little virtue, morality, and happiness in the world. When a cheerful couple are seen walking and singing, Candide tells Martin At least you must .

Natural Disasters Why Havent We Learned from Them Yet Essay Example

Natural Disasters: Why Havent We Learned from Them Yet? Paper Many times the people affected by such an event take a backseat to the actually disaster itself. Why is that? Why is it that certain parts of the world, when hit by a natural disaster, seem to be more devastated by it than the same event somewhere else? And, why have those areas at the highest risk of being affected by a natural disaster made little to no effort of better preparing themselves for such an event? The disaster part of a natural disaster can be prevented when the appropriate steps to better prepare a vulnerable area are taken. By taking the mistakes of the past and learning room them, one has the capability of lowering the statistics of those whom are devastated by a natural disaster each year. The first step to understanding natural disasters is to know what they are capable of doing. The Federal Management Emergency Agent is the U. S. s disaster relief branch of Homeland Security. The mission statement of FEM., as stated on their website, is to support our citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation we work together to build, sustain and improve our capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards (What We Do 1). In an effort to do this, FEM. has provided information on planning and preparing, recovering and rebuilding, and on natural disasters in general. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters: Why Havent We Learned from Them Yet? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters: Why Havent We Learned from Them Yet? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters: Why Havent We Learned from Them Yet? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer FEM. has provided information on every type of natural disaster possible, but in the past decade the ones that have caused some of the most damage and fatalities have been earthquakes, floods, hurricanes and tsunamis. Earthquakes can strike suddenly and without warning at anytime day or not. Many earthquakes occur along a fault line, the meeting of two more tectonic plates below the earths surface. The breaking and shifting of these plates causes the shaking of the crust above. About 70 to 75 damaging earthquakes occur around the world each year, and the magnitude of theses earthquakes are measured on a Richter ranging from one to ten, ten being the most severe (Fast Fact About Earthquakes 1; 5). Floods and hurricanes can sometimes come as a package deal, case-in-point New Orleans and Hurricane Strain. Floods can either develop slowly or in a matter of minutes (Flood 2). Hurricanes can be detected while in the middle of the ocean, although the path and wind speed of them is ever changing. They are measured in categories according to wind speed ranging from one o five, five being the highest. In other parts of the world this storm is referred to as a typhoon or cyclone (that is a Hurricane? 1). Tsunamis, sometimes mistaken for tidal waves can move hundreds of M. P. H. In the open ocean, reaching heights of up to 100 feet before crashing in to land. Underwater earthquakes most often create tsunamis. The areas with the greatest risk of being hit by one are those that are less than 25 feet above sea level and within a mile of the shoreline (tsunami 1; 4). Now that a general understanding for five major natural disasters has been developed, it is time o take that and apply it to the, possible, five worst natural disasters of the last decade. In May of 2008 in Schuman, China, a 7. 9- magnitude earthquake struck this area of western China, where a total of 15 million people lived. The earthquake killed an estimated 70 thousand people and displaced over 18 thousand. Since 1976, when an earthquake killing over 240 thousand people struck the area, China has required that new structures withstand major quakes. When the new building codes were put to the test in the 2008 earthquake, many buildings, including schools and hospitals, collapsed; gassing the question as to how rigorously the building codes were enforced (Schuman Earthquake 1). Thousands of the deaths were reported to be children, prompting protest by parents. Although the Chinese government refused to release the number of students who died from the collapse of buildings, official reports surfaced not long after the quake putting the student death toll at 10,000. The Chinese government, unwilling to deal with the protest of the outraged parents, chose to offer them $8,800 in exchange for their silence. For the most part, the government as refused to address the robber Of poorly built schools in the region leaving the possibility of another disaster, like the one caused by the 2008 earthquake, highly likely Schumann Earthquake 7; 9). Another disaster that struck in 2008 was Cyclone Margins. The cyclone struck the country of Manner, where it reached winds up 121 M. P. H before hitting land on the evening of May 2. The storm nearly killed 85,000 people, and displaced an additional 54,000. The Irradiated Delta and Yang were devastated, so much so, that it could be argued that the generals in charge of running Manner were in complete shock. French and U. S. Oval ships waited off shore with aid awaiting the approval to come ashore, but were later denied by the generals (Cyclone Margins 1; 4). A U. N. Program director made this statement about the whole crisis, The generals thought it was just another typical cyclone, where the army would hand out some rice and a few tarps and that would be it. The regime made some shocking mistakes early on, really horrible, when they blocked the aid. With all the international furor, they finally realized, This is way, way too big for us. And after that, they did a lot. A huge national response occurred (Cyclone Margins 5). Foreign aid was finally accepted, but only after weeks of suffering by the Manner people. Hurricane Strain could easily be considered the worst natural disaster in IS. S. History, however flooding not hurricane winds, caused the most damage to New Orleans. The flooding of the New Orleans area in 2005 was not the first time the city had experienced such a thing. In 1927, water was forced over the levees surrounding the sinking city due to heavy rainfall and flooding of the Mississippi River. To save New Orleans, the leaders proposed a radical plan. South of the city, the population was mostly rural and poor. Leaders appealed to the federal government to essentially sacrifice those parishes by blowing up a levee and diverting the water to the marshland, and promised restitution to people who would lose their homes. The plan was passed and a levee 13 miles south of New Orleans in Carnivore was blown (Brinkley 8-15). According to the 2000 Louisiana census, about 50 percent of the stats?s population lived in coastal areas of New Orleans. The mandatory evacuation came at too short notice, leaving thousands of people stranded in flooded areas. (Brinkley). The levees constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers failed below sign specifications resulting in the flooding of 80 percent of the city. Although the number of deaths, 1 ,800, is incomparable to the other disasters discussed, the damage reported, an estimate $1 6 billion, is arguably the most done by any natural disaster in history (Brinkley 12; Cooper 7). National Geographic News labeled the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami the possible deadliest tsunami in history. The tsunami, created by a 9. 0-magnitude earthquake in the middle of the Indian Ocean, released energy equivalent to an estimated 23 thousand Hiroshima- type atomic bombs (The Deadliest Tsunami In History? 1). The wave reached heights as high as 30 feet in some places and killed an estimated 150 thousand people. The Pacific Ocean has the most active tsunami zone according to the U. S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Tsunamis: Facts About Killer Waves 2). The waves caused deaths in a total of 11 countries surrounding the Indian Ocean, reaching as far as three thousand miles away from the epicenter, on December 26. Some people, when they saw the receding water, knew it was a warning sign of a tsunami. Some experts say that using the receding ocean as a warning can give people as much as five minutes to escape to safety. Unfortunately there were a number of people who did not know this fact and instead of running away from the beach, they crowded the beach to see what was happening. By the time they realized what was going on it was too late and the waves were already crashing in (The Deadliest Tsunami In History? 2). The most recent natural disaster happened on January 12, 2010. The country of Haiti was hit by a massive earthquake of a 7. 0-magnitude, which lasted for nearly 45 seconds. The epicenter of the earthquake was just 10 miles from the Haitian capital of Port-AU Prince. There were a total of 33 aftershocks that ranged in magnitudes of 4. To 5. 9 and an estimated three million people were in need of emergency aid afterwards (Fast Facts: Haiti Earthquake 2; 7). While the estimate of the total damages is still uncertain, The Washington post reported on February 17 that the quake could end up costing Haiti upwards of $14 billion (Sheridan 1) In February 2010, Prime Minister Jean-Max Believe estimated that 250 thousand residences and 30 thousand commercial buildings were condemned. Also by this time, the death toll had reached 230 thousand. There are no building codes in Haiti making construction standards extremely low. Just days after the quake the United States government announced that it would give $1 00 million to aid effort, however since the quake the U. S. Has committed over $500 million. (Sheridan 3). Each of the previously mentioned five disasters all have something in common, they all lack education on disaster risk management. According to the DRUM, World Institute for Disaster Risk Management, losses contributed to disaster have increased dramatically over the past two decades (About DRUM 9). In some cases people do not have the option to better themselves because of a lack of funding, but in many cases they do have that option but they choose to ignore it. Some of the cities with the highest vulnerability Of being effected by a natural disaster are coastal cities. More than half of the worlds population lives in coastal areas which Cannon, Davis and Benjamin Wisher, authors of At Risk: Natural Hazard, People Vulnerability and Disasters, contribute to the idea of the American Dream here in the United States. People, especially the elderly, are sold this idea of retiring somewhere close to the water in high-risk areas. In other parts of the world, large cities are placed near the water because of trade with no regard for how vulnerable that makes them (Cannon 25). Another area that falls under the lack of education on disaster risk management is the quality of structures, both residential and commercial, built in and around the cities at risk. In Mark peelings book, The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience, he shows that strengthening local capacity- through appropriate housing infrastructures and livelihoods- is crucial to improving resilience. Effective community or municipal government is essential if cities are to cope with disasters successfully, studies show (Peel ins 6). The damages and lose of human life caused by the Schuman earthquake, Hurricane Strain and Haiti earthquake might have decreased tremendously had structures in these towns been held to a higher standard. A universal building code, like that of the United States, for every nation might prohibit such losses in future disasters. Another thing that would cut back on the number of deaths caused by natural disasters is developing a better way to predict them. The unpredictability of natural disasters is one thing that makes them extremely dangerous. Scientists have yet to come up with the technology to predict when and where a disaster is going to strike. However, over the recent years survivors have had similar stories involving animals. Survivors of the Indian Ocean Tsunami recall many animals retreating away from the shores and to higher ground just moments before the giant wave crashed in to shore. Some scientists believe that animals, both world and domestic, have the ability to hear infrasonic, which are sounds produced by a natural phenomenon inaudible to the human ear. Another possible explanation is the animals sensitivity to a change in electrical current through electromagnetic fields (Can Animals Predict Disaster? 2). While studies on the claim of animals predicting disasters are still taking place, if found to be true, this could make a age difference in the number of disaster related deaths each year. In conclusion, there is a time and place for everything. But, with proper advancements in technology that time can be better predicted and that place can be better prepared through a greater desire for education on disaster risk management.

History of Olmec Art and Sculpture

History of Olmec Art and Sculpture The Olmec culture was the first great Mesoamerican civilization, developing along Mexicos Gulf coast from about 1200-400 B.C. before going into a mysterious decline. The Olmec were very talented artists and sculptors who are today best remembered for their monumental stonework and cave paintings. Although relatively few pieces of Olmec art survive today, they are quite striking and show that artistically speaking, the Olmec were far ahead of their time. The massive colossal heads found at four Olmec sites are a good example. Most surviving Olmec art seems to have had a religious or political significance, i.e. the pieces show gods or rulers. The Olmec Civilization The Olmec were the first great Mesoamerican civilization. The city of San Lorenzo (its original name has been lost to time) flourished around 1200-900 B.C. and was the first major city in ancient Mexico. The Olmecs were great traders, warriors, and artists, and they developed writing systems and calendars which were perfected by later cultures. Other Mesoamerican cultures, such as the Aztecs and Maya, borrowed heavily from the Olmecs. Because the Olmec society went into decline two thousand years before the first Europeans arrived in the region, much of their culture has been lost. Nevertheless, diligent anthropologists and archaeologists continue to make great strides in understanding this lost culture. The surviving artwork is one of the best tools they have for doing so. Olmec Art The Olmec were gifted artists who produced stone carvings, woodcarvings and cave paintings. They made carvings of all sizes, from tiny celts and figurines to massive stone heads. The stonework is made of many different types of stone, including basalt and jadeite. Only a handful of Olmec woodcarvings remain, busts excavated from a bog at the El Manatà ­ archaeological site. The cave paintings are found mostly in mountains in the present-day Mexican state of Guerrero. The Olmec Colossal Heads The most striking pieces of surviving Olmec art are without a doubt the colossal heads. These heads, carved from basalt boulders mined many miles away from where they were eventually carved, depict enormous male heads wearing a sort of helmet or headdress. The largest head was found at the La Cobata archaeological site and is nearly ten feet tall and weighs about 40 tons. Even the smallest of the colossal heads is still over four feet high. In all, seventeen Olmec colossal heads have been discovered at four different archaeological sites: 10 of them are at San Lorenzo. They are thought to depict individual kings or rulers. Olmec Thrones Olmec sculptors also made many enormous thrones, great squarish blocks of basalt with detailed carvings on the sides thought to have been used as platforms or thrones by the nobility or priests. One of the thrones depicts two pudgy dwarves holding up a flat tabletop while others show scenes of humans carrying were-jaguar infants. The purpose of the thrones was discovered when a cave painting of an Olmec ruler seated on one was discovered. Statues and Stelae Olmec artists sometimes made statues or stelae. One famous set of statues was discovered at the El Azuzul site near San Lorenzo. It consists of three pieces: two identical twins facing a jaguar. This scene is often interpreted as depicting a Mesoamerican myth of some sort: heroic twins play an important role in the Popol Vuh, the sacred book of the Maya. The Olmecs created several statues: another significant one found near the summit of the San Martà ­n Pajapan Volcano. The Olmecs created relatively few stelae - tall standing stones with inscribed or carved surfaces - but some significant examples have been found at the La Venta and Tres Zapotes sites. Celts, Figurines and Masks All in all, some 250 examples of monumental Olmec art such as colossal heads and statues are known. There are countless smaller pieces, however, including figurines, small statues, celts (small pieces with designs roughly shaped like an ax head), masks and ornaments. One famous smaller statue is the wrestler, a lifelike depiction of a cross-legged man with his arms in the air. Another smaller statue of great importance is Las Limas Monument 1, which depicts a seated youth holding a were-jaguar baby. Symbols of four Olmec gods are inscribed on his legs and shoulders, making it a very valuable artifact indeed. The Olmec were avid mask makers, producing life-sized masks, possibly worn during ceremonies, and smaller masks used as adornments. Olmec Cave Painting To the west of the traditional Olmec lands, in the mountains of the present-day Mexican State of Guerrero, two caves containing several paintings attributed to the Olmec have been discovered. The Olmec associated caves with the Earth Dragon, one of their gods, and it is likely that the caves were sacred places. Juxtlahuaca Cave contains a depiction of a feathered serpent and a pouncing jaguar, but the best painting is a colorful Olmec ruler standing next to a smaller, kneeling figure. The ruler holds a wavy-shaped object in one hand (a serpent?) and a three-pronged device in the other, possibly a weapon. The ruler is clearly bearded, a rarity in Olmec art. The paintings in Oxtotitln Cave feature a man with a detailed headdress styled after an owl, a crocodile monster and an Olmec man standing behind a jaguar. Although Olmec-style cave paintings have been discovered in other caves in the region, the ones at Oxtotitln and Juxtlahuaca are the most important. Importance of Olmec Art As artists, the Olmec were centuries ahead of their time. Many modern Mexican artists find inspiration in their Olmec heritage. Olmec art has many modern fans: replica colossal heads can be found around the world (one is at the University of Texas, Austin). You can even buy a small replica colossal head for your home, or a quality printed photograph of some of the more famous statues. As the first great Mesoamerican civilization, the Olmec were extremely influential. Late-era Olmec reliefs look like Mayan art to the untrained eye, and other cultures such as the Toltecs borrowed stylistically from them. Sources Coe, Michael D., and Rex Koontz. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004.

Choose a current trend and explain your opinion about it. The trend Essay

Choose a current trend and explain your opinion about it. The trend can be of any category, and your opinion should be clearly - Essay Example The accessibility of online dating sites are masking more sensitive issues in the society, and thus, restrictions in the member's age, purpose of signing in, and advertisements posted through a reviewed dating site rules and possibly, government intervention. Audience of Internet Dating Dating sites could provoke more sensitive issues prevailing in the society. As more people are provided with easier access to the internet, the more chances there is that discrimination would happen, may it be racial or physical. Furthermore, sexual partners from the internet, with an emphasis to those who engage to casual sex, may be an accepted societal notion and thus will have more effects towards other sectors particularly reproductive health. It is much to the interest of the dating site users which this paper explores since it deliberates on impact of such activity in a broader sense. International Marriages Through Online Dating and Its Underlying Social Implications It must be exciting to thi nk that dating sites are expanding the user’s thoughts about racial identity. In the varied selection of potential mates, Caucasians, Black Americans, Asians and all others are not classified. In other words, the internet seems to have more room of racial acceptance than racial discrimination. However, what Warchaur found out could be intriguingly opposite to this notion. According to Turkle, â€Å"interracial marriages make racial identity more subjective and multiple; the anonymous, multi-channeled communication facilitated by the Internet deepens this trend toward multiple subjective identity† (qtd. in Warchaur). In other words, the anonymity of the dating sites members would reject possible personal differences and their attitudes would be completely relying on their race. Although the internet can be a good venue for true globalization to prosper, the dating site users are not spared from subjective generalization of their race. A member may have filled out their profile honestly, but this does not mean that members as such comprise 100% of the site. The truth is, there are members who lie, and this thought is so common that no matter how well-written the profile information is, the racial background still counts (e.g. Black Americans are stereotyped as violent). Because of existing racial stereotypes and the inaccessibility of face to face encounter, dating sites are prone to discrimination. Attractiveness is also a major issue internet dating rather than focusing on abstract qualities of a person. In a research conducted by Hitsch, Hortacsu, and Ariely with internet dating site users in the United States, the attractive mate prospects get the most number of replies and views than their less physically attractive counterparts. Electronic mail responses are more frequent to physically attractive members (16). As expected, physically attractive men and women are very selective in their potential partners in the dating sites. While 40% of aver age men gets responses from average women, the contrast is true for attractive men and women. It has been found out that least attractive members are â€Å"2-4 times more likely to send a first-contact e-mail to a man than the most attractive women† (17). Racial issues, sexual abuse, and self-esteem are at stake in the growing trend of e-dating. If the restrictions should be out of hand, then the users are in danger of suffering these consequences. The leniency of the government when it comes to internet control could have been the main culprit of this